Hastening slowly: what the hare and the tortoise might teach the judiciary about social media1

Associate Professor J Johnston2 and Professor A Wallace3

The authors suggest two strategies for judicial officers and the courts to engage with the opportunities social media present to promote public trust and confidence in the justice system. They recommend that courts strategically adopt social media and foster its institutional use in a measured way, and that judicial officers be supported to develop digital media literacies to assist them in their work.

Introduction

Where social media is concerned — especially as it applies to judicial officers and the courts — Aesop’s “slow and steady” cautionary approach is best. This old fable provides sage advice for this media phenomenon. “Hastening slowly”4 in the uptake of social media calls for a combination of digital media literacy, including an understanding of its fragmented and complex parts, and a strategic approach to its use. For judicial officers navigating this space, social media also presents a unique range of professional, cultural and political challenges. As the Honourable Justice Steven Rares of the Federal Court noted:5

in evolving to adapt to the new communication norms of our age, judges will need to develop careful insights and behaviours to protect not only themselves and their family’s safety, but also the integrity of their office and the court.

There is nothing simple about social media. While the tapping out of a few words and posting, sharing or liking might seem like child’s play — and often is — this unpredictable field of communication networks is permeated with risks and complexities. A central paradox exists within social media’s two key elements of youth and power. On the one hand, in 2018, Facebook is only 14 years old, YouTube 13, Twitter 12, Instagram 8 and Snapchat 6. Yet, they hold monumental power that seems out of step with their youth, with social media collectively positioned at the epicentre of the media and communications environment in which we live, learn, work and connect.6

Social media presents a range of possible scenarios that may intersect with judicial life. These include judicial personal use; courts’ institutional use; others’ use to report or comment on the work of the courts, including its use to make personal commentary or attacks on judges; and its use to post material that could potentially prejudice the outcome of a criminal trial. This article deals with the first two scenarios and associated issues: those generated from the courts’ and judicial officers’ use or potential use of social media.

Getting on board

Social media usage is ubiquitous and pervasive.7 Nearly 80% of Australian adults who access the internet use it in some form. Usage is almost universal among 18–29 year olds (99%), with 96% of those aged 30–39 and 86% of those aged 40–49 also using it.8 In business, figures are less dramatic; just under 50% of small to medium companies, and 60% of large companies, use social media.9 A recent report captures the urgency with which business is being pressured to get on board the social media juggernaut:10

The longer a company waits to begin the transformation to social media, the harder it is to catch up.

At a personal, rather than an institutional level, judicial officers are subject to the same factors that have resulted in increasing numbers of Australians making use of various forms of social media. As Rares J points out:11

Australian judicial officers ... can choose to post, tweet, connect or, indeed, share a photo of their Sunday brunch or family occasion, in their private capacities. Often they will have social media accounts to connect with family and friends. The judicial role, like other traditional roles in our society, cannot stay static.

In 2014, the former Chief Justice of Victoria, the Honourable Marilyn Warren AC, warned that the judiciary should not be “left behind and trapped in [its] own traditions”,12 noting the potential for court use of social media to enhance community engagement.13 She pointed out that social media’s capacity to enable public access to court proceedings, and the contribution this can bring to enhancing public trust and confidence in the work of the courts, are central to the relationship that a court has with any form of media.14 This demanded a strategic approach. Chief Justice Warren called for “constructive strategies” to deal with the changed media environment and how it aligns with open justice.15

This article takes up this challenge, proposing an informed, strategic and “slow and steady” approach to the often frenetic world of social media, led by two key strategies: first, the use of institutionalised social media supported by professional qualified staff; and second, support of the judiciary to achieve digital media competencies in order to confidently manage the complex world of social media.

Social media use: institutional v individual

We know that increasingly members of the executive and legislature are taking to social media as a primary means of communication with the public. World leaders are famous, or notorious, for its use in activity that is described as “mediatisation” or “processes whereby the logic and institutionalised norms of the media affect the behaviour of actors and institutions belonging to other societal subsystems”.16 As political science scholar Kent Asp notes:17

political actors have, to a great extent, adapted to the requirements which the mass media place on their coverage of the political world.

It is argued that politicians cannot risk ignoring the media and its operating logics because mediatised language and thinking becomes part of the accepted way for how politicians engage with the voting public.18

The same imperative might be seen to apply in some courts’ jurisdictions, for example in US State Courts where elected judges rely on the popular vote. There are examples of US judges with active social media profiles who, while not commenting on specific cases, sometimes appear to blur the boundaries between the personal and the professional, for example, by commenting (albeit obliquely) on political issues or, from an educational perspective, in relation to legal issues.19

Blackham and Williams note how US courts have a more external focus than courts in the UK or Australia, a position that is encouraged by the public election of judicial officers. In comparing the use of social media by judges across these three countries, Blackham and Williams observed that courts in jurisdictions where judges do not face the same pressures in relation to re-election have tended to take a collective, rather than an individual, approach to communication. They suggest:20

in the UK and Australia, where judges are appointed and have security of tenure, judges and courts have traditionally focused their communications towards internal or legal audiences and building a collective public reputation. In contrast, in the US system of judicial elections, judges may seek to build their individual public reputation (and electability) instead of, or at the expense of, the judiciary’s collective reputation, making court communication more outward-facing.

Social media use by the judiciary, in Australia and internationally, has attracted a good deal of attention from legal scholars and the judiciary itself, including the publication of a 2016 issues paper for the Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration (AIJA).21 While some analysis has merged personal (in the sense of private) judicial use of social media with that of the institutional use by courts, in our view, it is important to separate them. We suggest that they should be considered as two distinct approaches, that is: courts’ use of social media at the institutional level, generally undertaken by communication professionals or court Public Information Officers (PIOs); and judges adopting social media for their own personal use.

At an institutional level, Australian courts have moved to adopt social media at a slow and measured pace. Twitter — arguably the most popular court social media platform — was first used in the Supreme Court of Victoria in 2011, followed by the Family Court of Australia.22 Shortly after this, an AIJA conference for public information officers in Brisbane during February 2012, featuring the theme “Social Media and Courts”, saw the beginning of a “real migration to social networks” by the courts.23 An earlier review of those developments observed that courts had both “sought out visibility and had visibility imposed on them ... first via the Web 1.0 (predominantly websites) ... and more recently, by Web 2.0 (predominantly social media)”.24

Compared to other institutions, such as the police, the courts were relatively cautious in adopting social media. A comparative study of Australian courts and police services found that the more tentative approach, and the limited nature of courts’ use of social media, may have been attributed to:

  • a focus on “information-out” communication with an emphasis on access and accuracy

  • a historically late entry into institutional communication

  • limited resourcing

  • legal limitations to using social media

  • socio-cultural restrictions, including language, professional cultures, and internal understandings of the job.25

These factors are inter-related. Courts generally, as institutions, have not had a focus on external communication, and have only relatively recently appointed communication professionals to assist them in engaging with the media or the public.26 Historically, external court communication had focussed on the issuing of the court’s decision or judgment, its accuracy, and ensuring its accessibility. The court environment has also historically privileged the use of formal language, and a professional culture focussed on individual cases, rather than institutional performance, which were also contributing factors to a slow uptake of social media. The courts’ cautious adoption of social media has also been attributed to the very different environments of media and courts. A report by the US Conference of Court Public Information Officers (CCPIO) found that:

  • new media are decentralised and multidirectional, while the courts are institutional and largely uni-directional

  • new media are personal and intimate, while the courts are separate, even cloistered, and independent

  • new media are multimedia, incorporating video and still images, audio and text, while the courts are highly textual.27

Nevertheless, there has been a shift in recent years with many Australian and US courts incorporating social media into their overall communication strategies.28 In a 2017 study of 16 public information officers (PIOs) from within Australian courts and statutory bodies about their use of social media, almost all reported using social media of some sort in the course of their work, in addition to an organisational website.29 The spread of social media outlets they used is outlined in the following table:

Media channels Number reported
Website 14
Twitter 12
A/V streaming 7
Facebook 6
YouTube 4
LinkedIn 2
Pinterest 1
Vimeo 1

Response to question: “Of the following, what court controlled media channels do you use in the regular course of your work? Please circle or highlight – Website, video/audio streaming, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Pinterest, other”

Why are courts turning to social media? One scholar notes how the internet, and its social media functions, provide courts with the means of “delivering a fuller and truer picture of their work to the public than the traditional media provide”.30 Research has found that courts use social media for various purposes, including to support the news media in their coverage of cases, to counter inaccuracies in media coverage, and to reach a broader audience-base.31

A study of Victorian courts’ uptake of social media found that social media significantly expanded the reach of the courts’ communication, with one high-profile trial, for example, resulting in a court Twitter account picking up 500 followers in one week.32 On a broader level, other social media accounts have been linked to AustLII in order to provide access to a wide range of legal literature and court decisions.33

One PIO who was an early adopter of social media stressed that the shift to social media was a necessary progression in professional communication practice:34

Social media is not as scary as people have you believe, it is no different to talking on the telephone or to answering an email, in terms of work responsibilities; it is just another medium.

This highlights the ease with which professional communicators are able to adapt to social media use.

Indeed, the development, over several decades, of the role of court PIOs35 has been a key factor in Australian courts increasingly adopting social media strategies. The use of communication professionals, trained and increasingly expert in the digital literacies associated with social media, who carry out their role within clearly understood parameters as part of court strategic communication plans, has provided a way to manage the appropriate institutional use of social media. It is noted that not all courts use social media — the reasons for this are varied, often relating to resourcing and the requirement for social media to be constantly monitored. Nevertheless, there is a trend in this direction for courts. Drawing on these observations, we propose the first strategy for social media use is to foster and advance the institutional use of social media, managed by communication and media professionals.

We do not suggest that personal use of social media does not have a place. Rather, this first strategy is proposed to advance transparency and reach of court practices. Where judges choose to use social media for private or personal use, new guidelines provide some assistance which we now explore.

Ethical guidelines for personal judicial use of social media

The rapidity with which social media has permeated the judicial world can be illustrated by the fact that, as recently as five years ago, a study of judicial conduct guidelines in Australia, Canada and the UK found little to no mention of social media.36 Things moved a little more rapidly in the US where, in 2010, the Judicial Conference of the United States issued guidance to assist courts in developing ethical guidelines for judges on the use of social media.37 The US federal judiciary and many US State courts have since published such guidance,38 as have the UK courts and tribunals.39

In Australia, the 3rd edition of the Guide to judicial conduct,40 introduced a chapter on social media. This provides the judiciary with guidance on personal social media use. The guidelines point out that there is no reason in principle to deny judges the use of social media but that the risks should be heeded and:41

The only safe course is to assume that material which the judge creates or receives, or with which the judge comes in contact, may become public without the judge knowing, and contrary to the judge’s wishes.

The general tenor of all this advice to judicial officers might be summarised as follows:

  • the principles applying to judicial conduct apply whatever the communication medium or context in which it takes place

  • choose your social media friends carefully

  • pay close attention to privacy settings and keep these regularly updated

  • consider what you access as well as what you post on social media

  • be aware that the ubiquity of mobile devices means that cameras and recorders are everywhere (you’re never not in public), and

  • family members of judicial officers should also be mindful of the potential impact of their social media use on the judicial role and on their and the judicial officers’ security and privacy.

These guidelines are drawn in fairly broad terms, as are most ethical guidelines for the judiciary. This is necessary because it is generally impossible to foresee the detail of every type of issue or situation that may give rise to an ethical consideration.

This is likely to be even more the case in the rapidly evolving world of social media, where new platforms, tools and modes of use are constantly being developed. Many in the judiciary, in common with many in the community, are relatively new to the world of personal social media use, so that consideration of how to apply these principles is also likely to be an ongoing task.

As with other forms of public communication, judicial officers who choose to use social media need to exercise caution to ensure that they do not compromise their independence or lay themselves open to risks to their personal safety. There are also factors about social media that raise issues for personal privacy that go beyond the content of what is posted and may have additional implications for judicial officers. This includes how social media algorithms enable the online activity of the individual to be tracked; for behaviours to be monitored; and for personal preferences in everything from food to wine to news to be predicted.42 While the surveillance features of social media have recently come under the spotlight since the so-called “Facebook data scandal” or “Cambridge Analytica” data breach in 2018, experts have pointed out that data sharing by social media platforms has been going on for years, readily enabled by the standard “terms and conditions” that users consent to.43 It is likely that the issue of privacy and surveillance will become a more central concern as the impact and ramifications of social media use, and its impacts on society, become better understood. In keeping with this, we suggest that there is a need for a stronger understanding of the field of digital media literacy.

Digital media literacy

The Australian Communication and Media Authority (ACMA) sees digital media literacy as one of the key competencies of the 21st century, on the basis that the effective use of media and communication content and platforms is central to citizen and consumer participation in society.44 To be media literate in the digital age, individuals need to be able to:

  • Access: Find and use media and technology tools skillfully

  • Analyse/evaluate: Comprehend information and use critical thinking to analyse message quality, veracity, etc

  • Create: Compose or generate content

  • Reflect: Apply social responsibility and ethical principles to one’s own identity and lived experience, communication behaviour and conduct

  • Act: Work individually and collaboratively to share knowledge and solve problems.45

ACMA identifies two key pathways in digital media literacy: first, an educational approach which prioritises the importance of critical interpretive skills needed to decipher media content and messages; second, a regulatory approach that focusses on technical competencies needed to be effective across a range of communication platforms. The first requires the ability to critically analyse and understand language and textual content, as well as media power; the other requires the know-how and skill-set to create and publish.

For those working in roles in society in which media needs to be interpreted and understood, especially where it is challenged or in question, critical literacy is becoming increasingly important. Judicial officers are increasingly likely to find themselves in this category. To take one recent example, the inquiry by the NSW Law Reform Commission into access to digital assets upon death or incapacity46 is likely to result in legislation that will require judicial application, and interpretation in relation to digital assets. Supporting judges to achieve levels of critical literacy skills in relation to social media will require the ongoing provision of information and resources, and opportunities to acquire learning skills and share experience via judicial professional development programs. This points to the importance of our second strategy to foster and develop critical digital media literacies for the judiciary through adequate resourcing, training and advisories.

We live in what has been called a “media life”, in which media is described as both necessary and unavoidable.47 Therefore, at a minimum, this second strategy proposes the need to keep guidelines updated and readily available and to provide regular professional development opportunities in social media for judicial officers. Implicit within this strategy is the need for caution in contributing to any social media engagement. At the same time, professional life increasingly demands we understand the digital media world.

Conclusion

We suggest that, in the Australian context, the social media voice of the court may be best managed at the institutional level through its collective voice. To achieve this, the professional communication function will increasingly demand appropriate resourcing and the courts also need to have appropriate internal policies and practices to ensure this enhances the open justice function of the courts. In addition, there is also the need to appropriately resource and support judges to be digitally media literate, as consumers and analysts but also potentially as producers of social media. This requires professional training and development — to understand and apply the critical media literacies that ACMA has identified across any and all professional and personal social media use. It will also require the ongoing review and updating of ethical guidelines.

In summary, the ubiquity of social media, its capacity for disrupting society and its relevance for 21st century open justice means that it cannot be ignored, either at an institutional or individual level. However, the strategic approach for courts is not to rush in headlong, or feel pressured to mediatise, but to take a measured approach with a focus on trained court communication professionals, judicial professional development and shared experience. The idea of “hastening slowly” should take on a special meaning for the judiciary in the social media environment, with its parallel demands of caution and communication in the modern open justice arena.



1Published in (2018) 30(7) JOB 63.

2The University of Queensland.

3La Trobe University.

4Many interpretations and critiques of the fable use the oxymoron “hastening slowly” to describe the pace adopted by the tortoise to achieve the desired outcome, ie to move slowly to win the race. We apply this to the need for a strategic and measured engagement in the often frenetic uptake of social media.

5S Rares, “Social Media — challenges for lawyers and the courts”, speech delivered to the Australian Young Lawyers Conference, 20 Oct 2017 at [26], at www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/justice-rares/rares-j-20171020, accessed 2 June 2021.

6J Johnston and K Rowney, Media strategies: managing content, platforms and relationships, Allen & Unwin, Sydney 2018.

7Among the most popular forms of social media are Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat and YouTube.

8Sensis Social Media Report 2017, “Chapter 1 — Australians and social media”, 2017, at www.sensis.com.au/asset/PDFdirectory/Sensis-Social-Media-Report-2017.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.

9Sensis Social Media Report 2017, ibid, “Chapter 2 — Australian businesses and social media”.

10M Fidelman, “The rise of enterprise social networks”, 2013, p 2 at www.sharepointeurope.com/media/200905/the-rise-of-enterprise-social.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.

11Rares, above n 5 at [26].

12M Warren, “Open justice in the technological age” (2014) 40(1) Monash Law Review 45 at 58.

13ibid at 45.

14ibid at 46–47.

15ibid at 56.

16B Laursen and C Valetini, “Mediatization and government communication: press work in the European Parliament” (2015) 20(1) The International Journal of Press/Politics 26 at 28.

17K Asp, Mäktiga massmedier. Studier i Politisk Opinionsbildning [Powerful media. Studies in Political Advocacy], Akademilitteratur, 1986, p 380.

18F Esser and J Strömbäck (eds), Mediatization of politics: understanding the transformation of western democracies, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2014, pp 3–28.

19See, for example, the Twitter account of Justice Don Willett of the Texas Supreme Court who Tweets @JusticeWillett; or Chief Judge Dillard, Chief Judge of the Atlanta Appeals Court at @judgedillard, both of whom have sizeable Twitter followings; A Blackham and G Williams, “Social media and court communication” [2015] 3 Public Law 403, report that 81 US judges openly acknowledged their judicial affiliation on their social media accounts; 52 on Twitter and 31 on Facebook (and two on both). They also found many judges used their judicial title in their social media user name or Twitter handle (eg @JudgeToddRoss and @JudgeDillard).

20Blackham and Williams, ibid, at 404–5.

21M Bromberg-Krawitz,“Challenges of social media for courts & tribunals”, May 2016, at https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Krawitz.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021. See also M Krawitz, “Can Australian judges keep their ‘friends’ close and their ethical obligations closer? An analysis of the issues regarding Australian judges’ use of social media” (2013) 23 JJA 14; B McLachlin, “The relationship between the courts and the news media” in P Keyzer, J Johnston and M Pearson (eds), The courts and the media: challenges in the era of digital and social media, Halstead Press, 2012, p 24; J Gibson, “Judges, cyberspace and social media” (2015) 12 TJR 237; Blackham and Wiliams, above n 19; Warren, above n 12.

22J Johnston, “Courts use of social media: a community of practice model” (2017) 11 International Journal of Communication 669 at 674.

23J Johnston, “A history of public information officers in Australian courts: 25 years of assisting public perceptions and understanding of the administration of justice (1993-2018)”, AIJA, 41 at https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Johnston-History-of-Public-Information-Officers-in-Australian-Courts-April-2019-Final.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.

24J Johnston, “Courts’ new visibility 2.0” in Keyzer, Johnston, Pearson, above n 21, p 41.

25J Johnston and A McGovern, “Communicating justice: a comparison of courts and police use of contemporary media” (2013) 7 International Journal of Communication, at http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2029, accessed 2 June 2021.

26Johnston, above n 23.

27Conference of Court Public Information Officers, “New media and the courts: the current status and a look at the future”, 2010, p 8, at http://ccpio.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2010-ccpio-report-summary.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.

28Johnston, above n 22; see also CJ Davey et al, “CCPIO new media survey: a report of the conference of court public information officers”, paper presented at the Conference of Court Public Information Officers 23rd annual meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2014, at http://ccpio.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/CCPIO-New-Media-survey-report_2014.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.

29Unpublished research undertaken by J Johnston with PIOs across 16 courts, statutory authorities and government departments in Australia, August 2017. In the study, 11 PIOs were employed by courts, three by a statutory authority or other legal body, and two by the government.

30S Rodrick, “Achieving the aims of open justice? The relationship between the courts, the media and the public” (2014) 19 Deakin Law Review 123 at 162.

31Johnston, above n 24.

32Johnston, above n 24; Bromberg-Krawitz, above n 21.

33ibid.

34ibid, p 676.

35Johnston, above n 23.

36Bromberg-Krawitz, above n 21.

37Committee on Codes of Conduct, Judicial Conference of the United States, Resource packet for developing guidelines on the use of social media by judicial employees, 2010, at www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/socialmedialayout_0.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.

38United States Courts, Published Advisory Opinions, Guide to judiciary policy, committee on codes of conduct advisory opinion, No 112: Use of electronic social media by judges and judicial employees, pp 221–224, at www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/vol02b-ch02.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021; National Center for State Courts, “Social media and the courts — State Links”, at www.ncsc.org/Topics/Media/Social-Media-and-the-Courts/State-Links.aspx?cat=Judicial%20Ethics%20Advisory%20Opinions%20on%20Social%20Media, accessed 2 June 2021.

39UK Courts and Tribunals Judiciary, Guide to judicial conduct, March 2018, at www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/judicial-conduct-v2018-final-2.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021, pp 20–21.

40The Council of Chief Justices of Australia, AIJA, Guide to judicial conduct, 3rd edn (rev), 2022, Ch 9 “social media”.

41ibid, pp 43–44.

42For example, see W Oremus, “Who controls your Facebook feed?” (2016) Slate, at www.slate.com/articles/technology/cover_story/2016/01/how_facebook_s_news_feed_algorithm_works.html, accessed 2 June 2021.

43J Winston, “The Facebook data breach is a scandal of our own making,” 3 April 2018, THINK, nbcnews.com. at www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/facebook-data-breach-scandal-our-ownmaking-legally-there-s-ncna862211, accessed 2 June 2021; see also Johnston, above n 6.

44Australian Communication & Media Authority (ACMA), Digital media literacy in Australia: key indicators and research sources, 2009.

45R Hobbs, Digital and media literacy: a plan of action, The Aspen Institute, 2010, p 19; see also ACMA, ibid.

46NSWLRC, “Access to digital assets upon death or incapacity: Terms of reference”, 26 March 2018, at www.lawreform.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/lrc/lrc_current_projects/Digital assets/Project-update.aspx, accessed 2 June 2021.

47M Deuze, Media life, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2012.